Spatial Disorientation
Spatial Disorientation is defined as the pilot's erroneous perception of an aircraft's position, attitude, or motion relative to the Earth's surface, often caused by sensory, vestibular, or visual misinformation. There are three types of Spatial D. Type 1 is Unrecognized- It is the most dangerous because pilots do not percieve any indication of spatial d. Type 2 is recognized- pilot perceives a problem but may fail to recognize it as spatial d. Type 3 is incapacitating- pilot experiences overwhelming sensation of movement. While there are ways to prevent SD, it is much easier said than done. A few ways to prevent SD are training instrument profeciency, good health, and aircraft design. Never fly VMC and IMC at the same time. Never fly without visual reference points. Avoid fatigue, smoking, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, and anxiety. A few ways to treat are to delay intuative actions, refer to your instruments and transfer the controls to other pilot.
SD can have a major impact on safety in aviation. Roughly 5-10% of accidents in aviation happens due to SD. 90% of the time those accidents are typically fatal. In Army aviation that number is increased to about 25-33%. The major thing aviatiors fail to due is trust their insttuments and use the systems that can allow them to get the aircraft under control.
On January 26, 2020 the world was in shock when we learned that Kobe Bryant and others was involved in a fatal helicopter crash. While attamepting to trail to his training facility to avoid traffic, the pilots encountered some pretty bad weather. Along the route the pilots had the opportuninty to land the helicopter and let out the passengers to begin a 20 min drive to avoid flying into the bad weather. They decided to continue to fly. While they were flying the pilots punched into the clouds and likely experienced the leans. It caused the pilots to believe the aircraft was climbing when in fact it was in a nose dive. The pilot lost control of the aircraft and was in a decending left turn when they impacted the terrain.
Refrences:
U.S. Department of the Army. (2010). TC 3-04.93: Forward arming and refueling points. Department of the Army.
National Transportation Safety Board. (2021). Collision with terrain, Island Express Helicopters Inc., Sikorsky S-76B, N72EX, Calabasas, California, January 26, 2020 (Accident No. DCA20MA059). National Transportation Safety Board. https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/Pages/DCA20MA059.aspx
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